Collaborative arrangements involve which of the following?

• A. A short-term contract with a single supplier.
• B. A unilateral expansion into new markets.
• C. Companies work together—in joint ventures, licensing agreements, management contracts, minority ownership, and long-term contractual arrangements
• D. A hostile takeover

Answer: (C)

Collaborative arrangements are partnerships where organizations work together to achieve shared objectives, pooling resources and sharing risks. The option that lists joint ventures, licensing agreements, management contracts, minority ownership, and long-term contracts best captures this idea because it encompasses multiple formal ways firms cooperate across boundaries. A short-term contract with a single supplier is a transactional relationship focused on procurement rather than collaboration. Unilateral expansion means growing independently with no partner, and a hostile takeover is an adversarial, competitive move rather than cooperative.